Web-Based Training Design for Human Resources Essay Example Essay Example

Web-Based Training Design for Human Resources Essay Example Paper Web-Based Training Design for Human Resources Essay Introduction IntroductionThecurrentemergenceoftheWeb-basedtrainingdesignasthenovellearningmediumiscertainlytheblessingfornotonlytrainingbutalsoeducationfields.TherapidgrowthofimportanceoftheWeb-relatedservicesandinternetforideas-sharing,instructions,traininganddecision-makingarerecognizedworldwide.Web-basedservicesofferadynamic,flexible,andopenlearningenvironmentwithpropositionsforcountlessapplicationsrelatedtotrainingandeducation.Arapidgrowthintheinformationtechnologyandnoveldevelopmentsandimprovementsinlearningscienceoffersopportunitiestodevelopweb-designed,engaging,efficient,affordable,interactive,affordable,easilyaccessible,andlearningenvironments.AvarietyofresourcesandattributesoftheWebmakeitpossiblefortheinstitutionstoprovidetraining,learning,andresourcesconsideringconstraintssuchastimeandplace.UnderstandingWeb-basedtrainingdesignforhumanresources(HR)isessentialforvariousinstitutionsthatprovidetheWeb-relatedservicessuchaslearningthroughtraining.DesigninganddeliveringWeb-basedTraining(WBT)ne edsthoughtfulinvestigationandanalysisofhowtomakeuseoftheWeb’spotentialinperformancewithdirectivedesignprinciplesandotherrelatedcriticalissuestoavarietyofdimensionsoftheWeb-basedlearningenvironmentinvolvinginterfacedesign,pedagogical,resourcesupport,managementresource,institutionalandethical(Khan,2001).LiteraturereviewWeb-BasedTraining(WBT)isatermthatregardsanytrainingofferedthroughacomputer.TheWBThasbeeninexistenceforalongperiodbutcurrentlyhasgrowninuseandpopularity.WBTwasinexistencebeforetheinventionofthefirstpersonalcomputer.Inthe1950sand1960s,organizationssuchasuniversitiesandgovernmentbegandevelopingtrainingbytheuseofthecomputers.ThefirstWBTapplicationwastheearly-warningair-defensesystemthatwasintheessenceofTrainingSimulationSystem(TSS) (Ladd,1990).Aspersonalcomputersdecreasedpriceandsize,theuseoftheWBTcontinuedtogrowrapidlywiththepotentialtodeveloptheeffectivenessofWBT.Figure1showstheevolutionoftheCBTComputer-BasedTrainingdesignthatledtotheevolutionoftheWeb-BasedTraining Design.Figure1:EvolutionofComputer-BasedTrainingAnearlyissuefortheCBTthatisnotcompletelyresolvedinofferingaccesstoallusers.Largeandexpensivecomputersmadeithardtoaccesstraining,andearlyCBTdesignersfoundcreativeapproachestoofferaccesstotheparticipants.Forexample,inthe1960s,KentStateUniversity(KSU)deliveredWBTtonursesattheirlocalhospitalsbybuyingthetrailerandsemi-trucktotransporttencomputerterminalsunswervinglytohospitalsthatneededtotakepartintraining(Ladd,1990).Surprisingly,computershavereducedinsize.However,asWBThasrapidlygrowninpopularity,theproblemofaccesspersiststobeofinterest.OrganizationshavenotconstantlyhadtheuniformmechanismstodelivertheirCBTandarestillcarryingoutresearchonthecreativeapproachestoofferuniformaccess.Also,distancelearningevolvedduetotheevolvementoftheWeb-BasedTraining.Distancelearninghasitsfoundationsinassociationcoursesandcaninvolveanyprogramwherelearnersrequirenotbeingphysicallypresentintheroom.Duringthetimewhenorganizationresources,funding,andstaffarelessening ,andtravellimitationsareescalating,attentiontoadequatestrategiesofHumanResource(HR)trainingisessential.TheliteraturereviewhasbeenconductedsoastocontactthedeliveryanddevelopmentoftheHumanResourcetrainingforthedifferentorganizations.TheliteraturereviewwasgatheredandtheideassummarizedfromdifferentperceptionssuchastherevolutionoftheWBTinvolvingtheWeb-BasedTrainingDistanceLearning(WBTDL)andComputer-BasedTraining(CBT).Also,theliteraturehighlightshowthetrainingaredesignedsoastobenefittheHumanResource.TheWeb-BasedLearningEnvironmentandtheWBTcomponentsandfeaturesconnectedwiththeWBTenvironmentsarediscussedsoastounderstandthebenefitsoftheWBTdesignfortheHumanResource.AnalysisWeb-BasedTrainingDesignIndesigningtraininginaWeb,wearerequiredtoexploreavarietyofissuesincludingtheeightdimensionsoftheWeb-baseddesignlearningenvironmentthatcanassistusthinkaboutvariousknowledgefeaturessuitableforourtargetHumanResource.ThecompetenciesofvariousresourcesandattributesofWebmustbeexaminedtoobservehowtheyseehowth eycanbeappropriateutilizedtodevelopvariousWeb-BasedTrainingfeatures.Also,understandingtheeightdimensionsoftheWeb-baseddesignlearningenvironmentisessentialfortheWeb-BasedTrainingDesign.TheeightdimensionsaregiventheFigure1below. Web-Based Training Design for Human Resources Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Mintzbergs Hypothesis for the Design of Organizational Structure Essays

Mintzbergs Hypothesis for the Design of Organizational Structure Essays Mintzbergs Hypothesis for the Design of Organizational Structure Paper Mintzbergs Hypothesis for the Design of Organizational Structure Paper The efficient design of structure of any organization requires the analysis involving some parameters and hypothesis. The main factors presented by MINTZBERG with the respective hypotheses (from H1 to H16) associated to the organizational configurations structures are the following: Related to the age and size of the organization. H1: How much older, more formalized will be the behavior of the people from the organization. H2: The organizational structure reflects the time of the sector. H3: How much bigger the organization, more elaborated is its structure (more specialized its tasks, more differentiated its units and more developed its administrative component). H4: How much bigger the organization, greater the average size of its units. H5: How much bigger the organization, more legalized will be its behavior. Related to the technical system: production for unit, production in mass and production for process. H6: How much more regulated the technical system, more formalized will be the operational work and more bureaucratic the structure of the operational nucleus. H7: How much more sophisticated (difficult to understand) the technical system, more elaborated will be the non operational structure, further ampler the selective decentralization of the assessors and greater will be the use of the linking instruments. H8: The automation of the operational nucleus transforms a bureaucratic administrative structure into an organic structure. Related to the environment. Everything that is outside the organization. For example: base of knowledge, customers, competitors, geographic position, economic climate, politician, etc. H9: How much more dynamic the environment, more organic will be the structure. H10: How much more complex the environment, more decentralized will be the structure. H11: How much more diversified they will be the markets of the organization, greater the propensity to divide itself in units based on the market. H12: The extreme hostility in its environment takes any organization to center temporarily its structure. H13: The differences in the environment encourage the organization to decentralize selectively in differentiated constellations of work. Related to the power H14: How much bigger it will be the external control of the organization, more centered and legalized it will be its culture. H15: The necessities of power of the organization members tend to generate excessively centered structures. H16. In determined times, the fashion induces and brings the creation of a structure and a culture â€Å"of the moment†, even in case that it is not appropriated to the organization.

Duties of directors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Duties of directors - Essay Example Notably, it is the company constitution that offers the board of directors with the adequate power to administer the business of the company (Katz, Lipton & Katz, 2011). In simplest terms, delegation of power means effectual allocation of resources to people with adequate skills and knowledge. It is to be mentioned that delegation is quite significant for the senior management to attain all the required tasks in a timely manner. It is applicable in all industry sectors along with government. Hereby, a delegate is considered to be the person who is responsible to carry out the role, authority as well as duties of, or to act on behalf of, or symbolize others (Tomasic, Bottomley & McQueen, 2002). It is worth mentioning that there are numerous duties that the director is accountable for. The main objective of this paper has been to comprehend the nature and the extent of statutory duties imposed on directors by Corporation Act. The discussion will further try to incorporate a critical an alysis of the nature, application along with effectiveness of the two statutory duties of the directors under the Corporation Act. The two statutory duties are ‘duty of good faith’ along with ‘duty of care and diligence’. The study will also attempt to briefly discuss the duties of directors as well as relevant common laws which tend to control the role of these directors. Background The decisions rendered by the director needs to be examined very carefully in order to comprehend the fact what could have been done so that the company could have obtained greater benefits from that director (Turnbull, 2012). If the director is found to violate his duty, the company possesses the right to sue the director for causing damages. There are numerous general responsibilities of the directors which comprises of various specific duties. For instance, it is quite significant for the directors to exercise carefulness (Turnbull, 2012). This implies that the directors are supposed to utilise their informed judgements in order to administer the company in a proper way being capable of entrusting their judgments on certain measures. Furthermore, the delegation can be considered to be valid if it is done in a proper manner in the best interest of the company (Turnbull, 2012). Under the common law, it is the duty and right of the directors to deliberate. This implies that they are supposed to make good efforts in order to get involved, discuss, consider and thus make use of their judgment while acting on the matters of the company. It has been observed that it is the duty of the director to make use of their power for adequate purposes. If the power is being used for a wrongful reason, it is considered to be invalid. For instance, a director of the company may not be acting with an ethically sound purpose while the new shares tend to be issued. In such circumstances the company intends to restructure itself or to issue gifts in terms of compensation fro m the company’s resources so that the power of the director can be enhanced. Any act of the director which does not have a proper purpose might be considered as invalid, for instance, issuance of the shares to the public in order to defeat a takeover or to retain control of the company (Turnbull, 2012). It is the duty of the directors not to get involved in any kind of conflict of interests. Directors tend to have fiduciary duties which are generally outstanding to their company. This can be regarded as a

Biotechnology (microbial fuel cells) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Biotechnology (microbial fuel cells) - Essay Example 16.298 g of this component was added to 5.395 g of sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate whose molecular weight was137.99 g/mol. Ammonium ferrous sulphate (for the COD test) was also prepared as was done in the first three experiments. The final concentration of this reagent was 0.025 M, whereas the final volume was 2 litres. The prepared solution was kept in the refrigerator ready for use. Synthetic wastewater, LB broth, and sucrose solution were covered with aluminium foil and tape indicator. Prior to autoclaving the solutions, the caps of the containers were loosened to improve the efficacy of the process. Microbial (Shewanella) culture was made by aseptically transferring some cells from an eppendorf to the fresh growth medium. 4 micro litre of Shewanella was transferred into 100 ml of LB broth at room temperature. After that, the microorganisms were then incubated at 37 0C with continuous shaking for 24 hours at 150 rpm. After 24 hours, it was observed that the previously transparent LB had changed to a cloudy and opaque solution. That was an indication that the active microorganisms grew in the culture. The culture was subsequently refrigerated. Four H-type MFCs were prepared as was previously done using two similar copies of Duran glass bottles, external metal clips, cation exchange membranes and two rubber gaskets. A membrane was used to divide the two chambers, which were slightly asymmetric, by squeezing the membrane between the two chambers. Two chambers divided by a membrane. The chambers were slightly asymmetric, and the membrane was squeezed between two glass chambers. New graphite plates were used as anode and cathode electrodes, whereas the second and third experiments had used old electrodes, which had to be washed before reusing. The electrodes in this experiment had a different shape from the ones in experiment one. The anode was placed in the centre of the anodic

Law Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law Evidence - Case Study Example So although Dennis states that we could include inadmissible evidence, it does not in essence be correct with the system in its fairness. However, Osborn argues that since the courts have been unwilling to set down guidelines as far as the interpretation of the section on improperly obtained evidence therefore we "are left to analyze the case law in order to predict in what circumstances the discretion may arise (1). Here the argument supports Dennis'claim that this form of retrieving evidence can never be lawful since we are left to decide the accused outcome based confessions, which arguably would have been excluded at common law in any event, on account of their inherent unreliability (Osborn,76). Evidence obtained in this fashion suggest quite evidently as Dennis stated they lack the moral functions even though it is evidence but we still have to uphold the law. In R v Nathaniel the accused had given a blood sample four years earlier when being investigated for two other rapes. The police had told him that the sample would be destroyed if he was found not guilty of those crimes. When due to an administrative error it was not, and was later used to convict him of a third unrelated rape, the Court of Appeal excluded the evidence."(Osborn,82) There is the universal issue of justice and fairness to both parties in the trial . English judges are not prompt to exclude real evidence which has been illegally obtained (Osborn, 78). There i s considerable favoritism that the courts have a right to every piece of evidence that could likewise tip the scales in favor.(78) The court decides whether they want to make the evidence legally feasible or dismiss it altogether. Their decision though fair in its essence lacks lacks the justice put forth by Ian Dennis for the outcome as to the verdict."Equating a criminal trial to a sporting match which has no correct outcome and only an actual one, demeans the court process and necessitates forsaking the central purpose of the trial-the just determination of guilt or innocence."(Osborn, 80) So in the bargain when you obtain a conviction it can never be legal because of the type of evidence involved. Andrew Choo gave us three possible reasons behind exclusion of illegally obtained evidence on the grounds of unfairness-deterrence, compensation and repute.(Osborn,97). So in the meantime these hinder reliability, protection (which includes compensation of the victim and broader considerations of judicial integrity.(97) This undoubtedly supports Ian Dennis' arguments that the legal system here cannot be expressed openly. Mary Hunter claims that a search of LEXIS reveals that between January 1986 and May 1992, there were 106 such cases, giving credence to the claim that PACE has widened the scope of the

Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses

Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses INTRODUCTION A slaughterhouse, also known as an abattoir is a place where animals are sacrificed for food. It can also be defined as any premises used for the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption. The slaughtering of animals for community consumption is inevitable in most nations of the world and dated back to the ancient times (Bello and Oyedemi, 2009). Public slaughter houses had been traced to Roman civilization and in France by 15th and 16th centuries, and were among the public facilities. In Italy, a law from 1890 stipulated that public abattoir should be provided in all communities comprisingof more than six thousand inhabitants. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania (Jode Loverdo et al. 1906). The animals most commonly killed for food are cattle, sheep (for goat and mutton), pigs (for pork), goats (for chevon), and fowl, largely chickens, turkeys, and ducks, for poultry meat. The most important issue in all meat-processing plants is maintenance of proper hygiene and adequate sanitary conditions to prevent contamination and in this way caters for a product which is safe and sound for the public. An abattoir as defined above is a building approved and registered by the controlling authority for hygienic slaughtering and inspection of animals, processing and effective preservation and storage of meat products for human consumption (Alonge, 1991), as such the sanitation line in a slaughter house must be flawless. Slaughtering animals on a large scale brings about significant technical problems and public health concerns. Furthermore, some religions insist on certain specific conditions for slaughtering practices so that slaughter within slaughter houses may change. As such abattoirs commence the chain of the meat industry, where livestock come from farms for processing and dressing and passes through markets to enter the food chain (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). The values, morals, ethics and regulations ruling slaughter houses changes significantly throughout the world. In several countries the slaughter of animals is delimited by folklore and traditions instead of the law. In the non-Western world, including Muslim countries both forms of meat are obtainable, that is product from modern mechanized slaughter houses, and the other from local meat shops. The situation in Mauritius is typically representative of the conflict between modern processes and religious practices with regards to the slaughtering of animals for the supply of meat to the population. Over the last few decades there have been important developments meat inspection systems in slaughter houses. As compared to the most highly developed countries which have taken the lead in bringing about changes in the meat inspection procedures in slaughterhouses by enacting new legislations (These new laws have been reproduced by the Codex Alimentarius in its Codes of Good Practice and this resulted in the homogenization of the world trade in foodstuffs) (Schnà ¶ller, 2006), we, on the national level, are dealing with a more pious look over the slaughtering industry which is delimited by religious practices. As per the legislation enforced in Mauritius, the Mauritius Meat Authority is the only institution empowered to deal with the slaughtering of animals. Aim The aim of the study is to carry out an assessment on the sanitary conditions prevailing in slaughter houses in Mauritius. Objectives The main purpose of this survey is to know to what extent are the workmen of slaughter houses aware of importance of sanitary practices and what it entails, to see if sanitary practices are respected and analyse the possible route by which contamination by pathogenic micro organisms may occur in slaughter houses. LITERATURE REVIEW Sanitation in the slaughter house Thewordsanitationcomesfromthelatinwordsanitas,whichmeanshealth, it has many different meanings but it can be generally defined as the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Such hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). The slaughter house should be constructed in such a way as to respect all the norms and regulations and planned such that all processes runs smoothly without contaminating or hindering the quality of the end product. Primarily there are several key factors that a slaughter house should observe to be able to satisfy the necessary conditions which will contribute to adequate sanitation for the prevention of contamination. PROPER INFRASTRUCTURES AND PLANNING OF THE SLAUGHTER HOUSE Site of building Ideally the slaughterhouse should be located away from residential areas to prevent possible inconvenience to dwelling-places either by way of pollution from slaughter wastes or by way of nuisance from noise (FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 49). There must be free access for animals to the site by road and the slaughterhouse should be situated in areas where flooding is unlikely to happen. If the slaughterhouse is of regular buildings construction the ground should be free of bushes or vegetation in the vicinity of the structure (FAO, 1985). Size The amount of animals to be slaughtered should take into account the the size of slaughter facility and the number of animals to be slaughtered is of great importance to avoid sanitary problems due to overcrowding (Tove, 1985). Building / facility The building or facility of such process has normally been described as places which stands for good sanitation and hygiene. According to the norms stipulating such process the building should normally have clean and unclean processes separated. Walls and Floors The flooring of the facility which is one of the major source of contamination must be hard, free of cracks, evenly leveld and impervious, and sloping adequately towards a drain to allow cleaning with water and disinfection. The walls as well must be smooth enough to be easily cleaned by water, and recommended materials are, for instance, stone, lava blocks, bricks or concrete. To provide shade, a good environment and finally to keep down the internal temperature in the slaughter line, a roof made up of concrete would be ideal (P.J. Eriksen, 1978). lighting system As a matter of hygiene, the slaughterhouse should have a proper lighting system inside the slaughter line to allow proper functioning and avoid accidents and moreover will act as a deterrent to insects and rodents. Ventilation system The internal temperature inside the slaughter house shall be maintained to prevent proliferation of unwanted micro organisms and also to cater for a good working environment. Equipment Equipment for undergoing such process, normally have to follow certain norm and regulation, it has been reported that such equipments have to be of non-corrosive materials, for example stainless steel and structures like tables, hooks and machines should be that they are easy to disassemble to facilitate cleaning and disinfection. The key step for the hygienic handling of carcasses is the equipment for elevating the carcass when slaughtered. In the processing line cranes are preferred to working tables due to hygienic practices. Procedures assuring continuous cleaning of hoists are recommended and should be performed on a periodical basis. However the cleaning and disinfection is usually complicated or simply impossible because of the complexity of the machines (Tove, 1985). Water supply Water is a vehicle for the transmission of several agents of disease and continues to cause significant outbreaks of disease in developed and developing countries (Kirby, 2003). A cholera epidemic in Jerusalem in 1970 was traced back to the consumption of salad vegetables which were irrigated with raw waste water (Shuval, 1986). In Canada, an outbreak of E.coli was reported (Kondro, 2000) and In the USA, Cryptosporidium affected approximately 400,000 consumers and caused 45 deaths and in 1993 due to the consumption of contaminated water (Kramer, 1996, Hoxie, 1997). Since slaughtering is a process which generates a lot of wastes, to cater for the good running of the processes and minimize contamination, there should be a good supply of water of drinking quality to allow processing and cleaning procedures which will assure hygienic quality products. Working routines should be planned in such a way as to economically use the consumption of water because of waste water disposal (Tove, 1985). Sanitary facilities Several water points, sterilizers for hand tools, hoses and cleaning equipment is the key to provide a good standard of hygiene and must be provided sufficiently. The availability of hot water in preference to chemical disinfectants should be supplied with the sterilizers where possible (Tove, 1985). Sanitary facilities must also include an adequate number of toilets and arrangements for hand-washing and even for bathing (showering). Such facilities must be clean and well kept at all times and the toilets should possess hand wash basins along with soap, disinfectants, antiseptics, nailbrushes and clean towels readily available. A mess room for resting and eating should be provided to the staff and as such be separated from the processing line to assure that the carcasses and the food for the personnel cannot be mixed (FAO animal production and health paper; 53). ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE As in all sectors of hygiene, the external and internal environment of the slaughter house should be protected against any infestation. Insects, birds and rodents have been recognized as important carriers of pathogens and other micro organisms (Olsen and Hammack, 2000). To avoid these, a strict control should be exerted over the following: Pests Control Good Hygienic Practices (GMP) should be employed to avoid generating an environment favorable to pests (CAC, 1997). A control system for pest control must include the following: Good Hygienic Practices should be used to avoid creating an environment conducive to pests Pest control programs could include preventing access to principle site, eliminating harbourage and establishing monitoring detection and eradication systems. Physical, chemical and biological agents should be properly applied by suitably qualified personnel. Souce: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y1579E/y1579e02.htm Proper fencing The aim is to prevent access of unauthorized persons, the public in general, dogs and other animals around the slaughterhouse premises. The fencing should have direct contact with the ground and should be sufficiently high to prevent access inside the premises. Bird control The best control is to prevent them from accessing the buildings by placing nets on the openings and windows. Allowing birds to fly inside the slaughter house might cause contamination through its droppings. Bird are often attracted by food supplies, water, special vegetation around buildings, and these attractants should be removed. SLAUGHTERING PROCESSING The hallmark for hygiene principle in processing is that the procedures considered as clean and considered as unclean should be efficiently separated. This requires a well-structured plant layout, where the purpose of any structure should be the protection of the end product against accidental contamination (Tove, 1985). Transport The animals are hauled from pastures or farms to the slaughterhouse. All necessary precautions during transportation should be considered to minimize stress and injury to the animals and as such will cater for the good quality of the end product (Tove, 1985). Road transport is probably the cheaper and more convenient means for conveying animals. Below are some precautions that are worthwhile during road transporting of the animals to slaughter: The transport facility should be designed and modified to convey the stock; they should provide for sufficient ventilation and lighting; for open trucks the top should be covered with a tarpaulin to protect the animals from bad weather conditions, they should be equipped with appropriate loading and unloading mechanisms to prevent injuries, and most importantly; they should be as comfortable as possible for the animals. Source: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 49, Manual for the slaughter of small ruminants in developing countries, 1985. Lairage Lairage is a place where livestock are kept temporarily (Microsoft Encarta 2008) and in our present situation is a specific area inside the premises of a slaughter house where the animals are conveyed for rest. Rest is an important factor because when animals are stressed, carcasses of lower quality result from slaughter. There should be sufficient space for the animals and a good supply of potable water for drinking purposes. A washing system where the animals can be cleaned before passing to the slaughter house is generally recommended (FAO animal production and health paper; 53). Source: Heinz G, Abattoir development. Options and designs for hygienic basic and medium-sized abattoirs, 2009 (http://www.fao.org, Annex 7). Stunning, slaughtering and bleeding Common methods for stunning consists of: Captive Bolt Pistol (CBP) This stunning method is extensively used for all agrarian animals. Gun powder (cartridge), compressed air and spring under tension propels the bolt through the skull of animals. The name captive means that the bolt is shot out of the barrel but remains in the pistol. Concussion stunning: A mechanically operated instrument which delivers a blow to the brain. Used for cattle, sheep and calves. Another method which consisted of knocking or striking a hammer on the head of the animal is now banned with regards to humane practices in some countries. Free bullets: are generally used on animals which are difficult to handle for instance, wild pigs, bison and deer. Electric Stunning Head-Only Stunning: generally cattle, sheep, pork and are all stunned by the use of this method. The technique involves the application an electric shock using a pair of tongs on either side of the animals head. An electric current is passed through the brain and this leads to the temporary loss of consciousness. Source: The Slaughter of Livestock (part 2): Modern Techniques of Slaughtering by M.Abdulsalam (www.IslamReligion.com). Slaughtering and Bleeding After stunning, the animal is vertically hanged lifting the animal (head down) to a convenient height. The bleeding operation is made by inserting a knife through the neck behind the jaw bone and below the first neck bone. The aim is to sever the carotid artery and jugular vein (Pig slaughtering, www.Hyfoma.com) and let the blood to drain out. The exsanguination process should be as fast and complete as possible due to hygienic norms since insufficient bleeding and slow death could result in blood clotting in the deep tissues and this might be hazardous in the later stages of slaughtering. Elevation bleeding is more hygienic and is preferred other alternatives as it decreases the potential risk of contaminating the carcass (Heinz, 2008). This process is usually separated from the operations which will follow. If the blood is not intended for use it should be drained away into a separate pit and should not be allowed to drain into the waste water (Tove, 1985). Skinning /dehairing The process will vary according to animal (pigs and cattle). Such process consists of removing the skin of animals. Cutting of the skin is made around the leg with the perspective of exposing and loosen the tendon of the animals lower leg joint to be used for hanging the carcass, following which the entire skin is removed and the body is prepared for evisceration (Heinz, 2008). This process is usually meant for cattle, goat, deer and sheep. Whereas dehairing is a process normally done in the slaughter of pigs which consists of releasing the bled animal into a pool of boiling water for a couple of minutes and then pulling it out for removal of the hairs before proceeding for evisceration. Evisceration Evisceration is the process which consists of removing the internal organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The internal organs are also known as offal and they falls into two categories: Red offal such as the heart, liver and lungs (pluck). Grey offal such as the stomach or intestine (paunch). To avoid contamination of the carcass through accidental punctures of the intestines and stomach, it is important that the carcass is placed in the hanging position. The body cavity is severed and the intestinal mass and the stomach (the paunch) are pushed slightly out. The liver is held out care is taken not to spill its bitter contents onto the carcass and as such spoil the taste of the meat. The last stage in evisceration is the removal of the contents from the chest cavity. By cutting the diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the belly, the pluck can be pulled out as a unit (Heinz, 2008). Leakage from the rectum is prevented by tying the anus with a process called bagging. Splitting and trimming The carcass is cut down along the backbone and split into two sides using a brisket saw and is then subjected to inspection from an authorized officer for detection of diseases . Trimming is a process that should be performed by trained employees and consists of the removal of visible contamination. All equipment (hooks and knives) should be sanitized between each use to reduce cross-contamination between areas. Carcasses which have been railed out for visible contamination, such as fecal contamination, should be re-conditioned as quickly as possible to get the carcass through the process and back into the system (Harris and Savell et al., 2003). Delivery After undergoing all processes in the slaughter line, the carcass is weighed and finally labeled for identification and send for delivery on the local markets. PRECAUTIONS THAT HAVE TO BE MAINTAINED IN THE SLAUGHTERING PROCESS AS PER HEINZ (2008) INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING: Disinfection on entering the premises Every time an authorized officer or member of the staff is to enter the slaughter house, he should undergo a process of disinfection by dipping his boots in a footbath, which is a basin situated at each entrance of the slaughter line, to avoid carrying infectious agents that might stick to the boots via soil particles. Bleeding and exsanguinations The knife used to slaughter each animal should be cleaned and rinsed in hot water. It is known that a contaminated knife can pass on bacteria into the animal tissues during the initial stages of bleeding, that is, when the heart is still in pumping. Skinning Knife skinning and the use of bare hands can similarly hosts contaminating organisms on the surface of the carcass. As such washing of the hands is a must after the passage of each carcass to avoid contamination of same. Evisceration Extreme care should be emphasized on not to puncture the intestines. The slaughtermen should follow the procedure of tying the end part of the intestine and the severed end of the esophagus, then removing intestine and stomach first, followed by the pluck ( heart, liver, and lungs of an animal used as meat, Microsoft Encarta, 2008). The pluck should be hung on a hook while the paunch (stomach) should be dropped in a paunch container. As a matter of hygiene, the stomach and intestines should not be processed while carcass dressing is in operation as any minor splash from same can easily cause contamination of the meat. Washing Is a process by which the carcasses undergoes washing with clean potable water. If water is a problem then a dry slaughter process by trained slaughtermen should be used as alternative as it is more appropriate as a safety measure for carcasses to be dry clean than to contaminate them with polluted water. Offal handling The offals (stomach and intestines) are the organs from the carcass which contains the greatest load of infectious organisms and for preventive measure must be moved to a separated chamber provided for them. At first they should be emptied of their contents, dried, then cleansed with water. Personnel The personal hygiene of the workmen is a primordial factor in slaughtering operations, the reason is simply that contamination of food and disease transmission as such depend equivalently upon the human factor as well as on the tools and mode of operation. Transfer of microorganisms by personnel particularly from hands is of vital importance (Chen et al.2001, Montville, 2001, Bloomfield, 2003). During handling, bacteria are transferred from contaminated hands of workers to the food and subsequently to other surfaces (Montville, 2002). Low infectious doses of organisms such as shigella and pathogenic Escherichia coli have been linked to hands as a source of contamination (Snyder, 1998). Poor hygiene, particularly deficient or absence of hand washing has been identified as the causative mode of transmission (Reji, 2003). Proper hand washing and disinfection has been recognized as one of the most effective ways to control the spread of pathogens, especially when considered along with th e restriction of sick workers (Alder, 1999, Montville, 2001). Moreover persons with unhygienic habits like spitting, coughing and nose-blowing should not be under umployment. As such it is important to allow access only to the staff into the premises at the time of slaughter and they should be wearing the proper attire, e.g. clean trousers and wearing appropriate waterproof aprons. Boots as well should be worn with the trousers neatly folded inside. And the hallmark is that the workers must strictly abide to a formal code of hygiene. Hand-washing As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): It is well-documented that one of the most important measures for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective hand washing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing). Fundamentally the good habit of careful and frequent hand-washing will definitely reduce contamination. Therefore hand-washing facilities with sufficient water supply is a must in such a delicate process of this kind. Basically the mess room and the working area is where there should be several hand-washing points. If it is situated away from working places, the risk that they will not be used is higher and would probably result in contamination of the meat (Tove, 1985). Hand-washing should be done by all members if the working staff: before starting slaughter after being to the toilets after being into contact with dirty objects and materials after smoking and eating The staff should understand that hands is prone to contamination if used for scratching the skin, the hair, clothes and picking the nose. Such acts may cause bacteria to be transmitted to the hands and thereafter infect the meat which is handled by the same hands. The management of slaughter house should provide antiseptic soap or germicidal, coupled with the use of brush for washing of hands since bacteria are often under the nails (FAO animal production and health paper; 53). Cleaning Operations For the purpose of sanitation clean water is usually required for the cleaning of equipment, tools floors and walls. Such operation normally starts with removal of solid waste of meat and fat trimmings, pieces of bones, blood clots by scrubbing them off the floor. High pressure water cleaning begins from the walls and finally ends with the floors. Hot water hosing under pressure would be ideal for removing sticky waste from corners and drains. For scrubbing of other surfaces such as tables, and tools, the use of hard fibre brushes and detergents is suggested. Liquid detergents are more effectual than ordinary soaps, since they dissolve easily in water while absorbing dirt, which is finally removed by flushing. Powdered soap may also be dissolved in water and used. Knives also should be sterilized or boiled in water. Source: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 49, Manual for the slaughter of small ruminants in developing countries, 1985. DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH UNHYGIENIC SLAUGHTERING There are many different ways by which an infectious organism can make its way through the slaughtering process of animals and cause very subsequent diseases. Below is some of the common diseases related to slaughter houses: Anthrax is a naturally-occurring bacterial disease of animals caused by Bacillus anthracis, which forms spores that generally survive for years in the environment. Cattle, sheep, and goats are at the highest risk but humans can also contract the disease. Most animals are infected by oral ingestion of soil contaminated with the spores. People may acquire anthrax when in contact with infected hides or hair of animals. The organism is inhaled from contaminated dust, or is eaten in undercooked meat from infected animals, or even penetrates a wound in the skin. Animals that died of anthrax may have blood secreted from the mouth, nose, and anus (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). In slaughtering process, the bacteria can be transferred from hides of infected animals to the hides of the healthy ones during the immediate pre-slaughter phase in lairage (Small and Buncic, 2009). As such if no particular precaution is taken when removing the hides, the probability of contaminating the carcass is very high. Brucellosis Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by contact with animals carrying bacteria called Brucella which affects a wide variety of animals including dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horses. The disease has been known as Malta fever, Bangs disease, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, and goat fever (Microsoft Encarta, 2008). Humans can be infected if in contact with infected meat or placenta of infected animals. The slaughter of undetected a diseased animal is a threat since contamination may result if, for instance, blood from the infected carcass came into contact with the knife of the slaughterman and the same knife is being used for processing another uninfected carcass during the slaughtering. In case of ingestion of infected meat, symptoms in humans are undulating fever, headache, joint pain, weakness, and night sweats (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). People who handle meat should wear PPE such as protective glasses and clothing for protection of wounds from infection. Detecting infected animals prior to slaughter controls the infection at its source. Vaccination is actually available for cattle, but not humans (Franco et al, Goldman et al. 2007). Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (E. coli) are bacteria which is normally found as a normal flora in the intestines of people and animals. One can get infected after handling or being exposed to feces of a carrier animal (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Animals usually carry it without causing disease however when humans are infected, the toxins causes serious illness which ranges from diarrhoea to kidney failure. Personal hygiene is very important, particularly after contact with animal feces, since very few organisms are required to cause infection in humans (Stevenson and Hughes, 1988). E-coli can be easily contaminate the carcass in the slaughtering process if ; for instance the worker does not wash his hands after being to the toilet, the bacteria will be transferred when handling the meat. care is not taken at the evisceration step when disemboweling the carcass, as such if the intestines get perforated and intestinal matter comes into contact with the meat ( Heinz, 2008) Prevention focuses on hand washing and proper hygiene. Hands and all equipments should be properly disinfected after touching or handling raw meat (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Salmonellosis (Gastroenteritis) Salmonella sp. are bacteria that live in the intestinal tract of carrier animals. The bacteria are shed into the faeces of animals which are particularly stressed during steps such as being yarded and transported (Stevenson and Hughes, 1988). As in E-coli contamination, salmonella can be transferred to the carcass in the slaughtering line by: slaughtermen who are handling meat after being to the toilet without proper hand washing, fecal matter being in contact with the meat at the evisceration process, if the anus is not bagged properly, and also if the intestines get punctured upon removal and intestinal matter is in contact with the meat. If hands are not properly washed after contact with infected feces, the accidental ingestion of bacteria may occur (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Infection also occurs as a result of equipments that are unsanitary. Symptoms generally includes fever, foul smelling diarrhea, and severe dehydration, especially in young children and infants. Life-threatening diseases like meningitis and septicemia may also occur (Montes and DuPont, 2004). Q-fever (Query fever) Q fever is a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, liver, heart, and other parts of the body. It is found around the world and is caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. The bacteria affects sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, cats, birds and rodents as well as some other animals (Goldman and Ausiello, 2007). Humans normally acquire fever, night sweats, and pneumonia and hepatitis in the worst cases (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Abattoir workers (particularly those dealing with foetuses), veterinarians and farm workers ) are the people who are most at risk of contracting this disease (Stevenson and Hughes, 1988). In slaughtering meat can be contaminated in the process of evisceration whereby feces of contaminated animals have been transferred to the hands of the slaughterman which in turn contaminates other healthy carcasses. To prevent further spread of Q fever, dead fetuses and reproductive tissues should be buried or burned. Wearing of protective equipment such as gloves and eyewear (PPE) when assisting in birthings and washing of hands thoroughly afterward are highly recommended (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). LAWS PERTAINING TO THE SLAUGHTERING INDUSTRY IN MAURITIUS Nowadays not all people are entitled to slaughter animals as it used to be in the past. There are norms and standard which have been set up by the necessary authority to guarantee the safety of the end product to the public. As such in each country there is an institution which is responsible for maintaining this hallmark. In our present situation the regulating body responsible for slaughtering in Mauritius is the MAURITIUS MEAT AUTHORITY (MMA). The main lines of the re

Harsh Issues in A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

Harsh Issues in A Streetcar Named Desire      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, is a play which deals with many harsh issues like spousal abuse, rape, and insanity. The play is mainly about Blanche and her sister Stella. Blanche arrives at her sisterÕs house after being fired from the school where she taught and after loosing the big family house. She says she is on a leave of absence, but Stella and her husband, Stanley, soon find out the truth. Throughout the play Blanche acts as someone she isnÕt, in order to hide her past and hope that someone will desire her. Her escape is futile for her past is uncovered, and her last chance to meet a man is destroyed.The main theme of this play is the uselessness of escape. Blanche arrives at her sistersÕ house acting like someone she isnÕt. Her dirty past, and her motives for puting on this act are quickly discovered and Blanche ends up in a nut house.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Blanche arrives at her sistersÕ home she says that she has come to stay with them temporarily because she has lost the family estate (she could no longer support it financially). Blanche has an air of superiority, indirectly commenting on where her sister lives and acting as if she has more class. When Stanley meets Blanche he is quickly suspicious of how she obtained all of her clothes, furs and jewelry. In the third scene Stanley is drunk after a poker night and hits his wife. They reconciliate the same night and Blanche puts on an act of how terrified she is, even after being reassured by two people the event wasnÕt a big deal. In scene four Blanche tells her sister about one of her rich friends that could send her some money and get her out of her bind. This is a lie, later on Stanley finds out that this man is not rich, and just an old aquantance of Blanche. Later on Blanche has a converstaion with Stella, which Stanley over hears, where she speaks of Stanley calling him primitive and saying he has animal like behaviors. This turns Stanley against Stella, even though he says nothing to her face. Blanche meets Mitch one of StanleysÕ friends, and one day she explains to her sister that she wants to decieve Mitch so that he wants

Realisation of the Witches in ‘Animated Tales’ version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay

In class we watched an ‘Animated Tales’ version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth. We were given the task of introducing, developing and concluding how we felt the witches were realised in ‘Animated Tales’. We compared the ‘Animated Tales’ with the text and discussed how we felt the text was realised. In Act 1 Scene 1, the stage directions of the play tell us that the witches meet on the moor in thunder and lightning. In the Animated Tales, black and grey wavy lines represent this. Although we do not hear the booming of the thunder or the flashing of the lighting, we understand that this is represented by the moody and dark weather. This is called pathetic fallacy, the method of associating weather with something. In this case we are associating the evil witches with dark and unruly weather. We see this also in Act 1 Scene 3 when the witches appear in similar downcast weather. It helps us to associate their evil with evil and disruptive weather. We are told in the stage direction of the first scene that the witches appear on a moor. This is obviously an isolated place and we are able to see this in the Animated Tales. There is nobody on screen but the witches and the only other thing we see is the dark, wavy lines in the sky. An isolated and lonely place helps us better understand the social standing of the witches and how they were seen and treated by people. When we first see the witches on screen in the Animated Tales, they rise from the bottom of the screen in tandem. As they rise we hear a trumpet fanfare. The exclamation of the fanfare represents the sudden and climatic nature of the thunder and lightning that the witches meet in. The music we hear after this fanfare is quite eerie but not at all sinister. It is rather childish and is not the sort of music we would expect to hear when we see the witches. It has a varying tempo and despite the sinister nature of the witches, is not at all scary. It is childish and juvenile, and is paradoxical. It is paradoxical because we do not expect this sort of childish music to be played in conjunction with the appearance of the witches. We can, however, associate this with the confusion of the witches and their deceiving of Macbeth and Banquo. We hear music being played while the witches tell Macbeth and Banquo their prophecies in Act 1 Scene 3 but in this scene the music is somewhat more sinister and moody. It is understood that this is because the witches are about to embark upon evil by prophesising to Macbeth and Banquo and the music reflects this mood. There are a number of points to note about the characters and personalities of the witches. In the first scene when they begin to talk, they do so in rhyme. This gives the impression that they are casting a spell, which is one of the supernatural abilities they possess. They express a number of other supernatural abilities throughout the two scenes, such as the ability to change and control the weather. This is demonstrated early on in the scene when the witches say; â€Å"When shall we three meet again In thunder, lighting, or in rain?† This tells us that they have the supernatural ability to control the weather and make it how they like and this is also seen when one witch changes into a flash of lighting. Another point to note about their early speech is that it contains some paradoxes; â€Å"When the hurlyburly’s done, When the battle’s lost and won.† ————————————– â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair; Hover through fog and filthy air.† These paradoxes are all to do with the witches deceptive nature, and that they withhold the truth a lot of the time. Their speech is often confused and this is the case in Act 1 Scene 3 when they are giving the prophecies to Macbeth and Banquo; â€Å"Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.† —————————————— â€Å"Not so happy, yet much happier.† In this scene they are not telling Macbeth and Banquo everything that they know and are deceiving them with the prophecies. This is due to the disruptive and deceptive nature, and they are intent on causing trouble. Their deceptiveness is also demonstrated in the two scenes in the changing of shape and appearance. Each of the three witches each has two different masks or faces, which they alternate between. They do this when they are talking to Macbeth and Banquo and again it seems that they are deceiving them by doing so. Their body form also changes, and at one stage one witch changes into form of a raven, with outstretched wings. The raven was said to be a symbol, or messenger, of death and Lady Macbeth speaks of it in Act 1 Scene 5; â€Å"The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements.† The witches, in their prophecies to Macbeth, are deceiving him and weaving a web of trouble. After hearing of the prophecies the ambitious Macbeth is already beginning to think of murdering to achieve his ultimate aim of being king and this is why the changing of form into a raven, the messenger of death, is important. In Act 1 Scene 3, the witches demonstrate several of their supernatural abilities. At the beginning when the First witch talks of the sailor’s wife and says she will hinder her husband’s journey, her fellow witches say; â€Å"I’ll give thee a wind,† ————————– â€Å"And I another.† This is a demonstration of the witch’s ability to control the weather, which was also demonstrated in Act 1 Scene 1. The other two witches offer to help out by making the sailor’s journey difficult. The first witch also demonstrates the same ability in the passage that follows in which she says she will make the sailor’s journey a tough one. The fact that they are offering to help each other reinforces the belief that they are very much alone and have only each other, and that they are indeed â€Å"weird sisters†. When Macbeth and Banquo are on the moor and the witches appear, they appear to drift in and out of visibility, and at times are even translucent. This is an example of the supernatural ability to disappear or vanish. This ability is also seen at the end of both scenes, when the witches link arms, hover above the ground, which is another of their supernatural abilities, and then vanish. The linking of arms shows the togetherness and closeness of the witches but also makes it seem as if they are casting a spell, another of their supernatural abilities. When the witches are giving their prophecies to Macbeth and Banquo, they are demonstrating the supernatural ability to predict the future. When they tell Macbeth that he will be Thane of Cawdor, the bones of their hands disassemble to become the medal that the Thane of Cawdor wears. The bones are to symbolise death – both the death of King Duncan and also Macdownwald former Thane of Cawdor. It is meaning to say that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor but at the expense of someone else, which is also later the case when he murders Duncan and becomes King. The witch’s bones also change into the form of a crown, which then hovers above Macbeth’s head. It is glowing, and casts a shadow on Macbeth’s face. The shadows that are cast make it seem as if the crown is reflecting on his darker side, and his dark desires. That the crown is just over his head shows that it is out of his reach naturally and he must commit evil to make it his. The witches are tempting Macbeth with the offer of riches and keep it just out of his reach to tease and tempt him, which arouses desires. They are causing trouble by doing this. The witches are quite horrid in appearance. They do not appear to be gender specific and when they appear in the first scene they have a somewhat death-like appearance – they are skeletal and zombie-like and not at all natural. When they appear to Banquo and Macbeth in Scene 3 Banquo is confused as to what they are; â€Å"What are these, So wither’d and so wild in their attire, That look not like th’ inhabitants o’ the earth, And yet are on ‘t? Live you? Or are you aught That man may question?† When they are talking to him and Macbeth they hover around them and their heads become disjointed from the rest of their bodies. The floating heads seem death-like and this shows us again that the witches are very unnatural. In conclusion, I feel that the text is realised well in â€Å"Animated Tales†. The witches are mostly believable and the speech is accurate in accordance with the text. I think however that some parts are a little less realistic than others, simply because of the nature of the cartoon. The witches are well animated and are not at all stereotypical or clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d. I feel that the film is well made and entertaining, and helps to make the text more interesting.

Compare and Contrast Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth Essay

Back to when the America came to Africa to capture many people over there and enslaved them to serve the high class of the America. That was started everything from the segregation to abolitionists. After about 400 years of slavery and bondage, it was time for descendants of African slaves can reconcile America’s bloody history of human bondage. Many African Americans was standing up and fighting back and Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth were known as the first out of so many brave people. Both Douglass and Sojourner just like many other African Americans were born into slavery and experienced many horrible treatments from their masters until they can escape themselves. D. By comparing and contrasting the life and accomplishment of the two ex-slave Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth, I am going to analyze their upbringing as well as families broken apart, slavery for men vs. women and activism with historical legacy. From a very young age, Douglass as well as Sojourner never got to know about their age like other White kids or live under their parents’ protection. Douglass’s mother died when he was 10 and as he was described his feeling was not so upset toward her death because of the separation between them. Also, he heard his black-fellow predicted that his father might as well be his father but he never got a chance to find out the truth. On the other hand, Sojourner seemed to have a better relationship with her family. She was one of the 10 or 12 children born to James and Elizabeth Baumfree who were slaves. The Baumfree family was enslaved by Colonel Hardenberg in a hilly area. They were together until the death of Charles Hardenbergh, her master; Truth was sold away at an auction. The separation at these early ages causes them to become stronger and grew up because that was the only way to service in that world. Through Douglass’s slavery life, he only had two masters and both of them were not very nice to him. Since Douglass was a smart little boy, he often got away with any unflavored situations. One of his unforgettable overseers was Mr. Severe. He was famous for his cruelty and brutal manner. At dawn, when all the slaves were summoned to the field, Mr. Severe was prepared to whip any unfortunate slaves that did not ready to start by the sound of the horn.

How to Use the 5 Relative Pronouns in Adjective Clauses

How to Use the 5 Relative Pronouns in Adjective Clauses An adjective clause  (also called a relative clause) is a group of words that works like an adjective to modify a noun  or noun phrase.  Here well focus on the five relative pronouns that are used in adjective clauses. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun: a word that relates the information in the adjective clause to a word or a phrase in the main clause. Who, Which, and That Adjective clauses most often begin with one of these three relative pronouns: whowhichthat All three pronouns refer to a noun, but who refers only to people and which refers only to things. That may refer to either people or things. Here are a few examples, with the adjective clauses in italics and the relative pronouns in bold. Everyone turned and looked at Toya, who was still standing  behind the counter.Charlies old coffee machine, which hadnt worked in years, suddenly started to gurgle and splutter.The ticking sound was coming from the little box that was sitting on the windowsill. In the first example, the relative pronoun who refers to the proper noun Toya. In sentence two, which refers to the noun phrase Charlies old coffee machine. And in the third sentence, that refers to the little box. In each of the examples, the relative pronoun functions as the subject of the adjective clause. Sometimes we can omit the relative pronoun from an adjective clauseas long as the sentence still makes sense without it. Compare these two sentences: The poem that  Nina chose was We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks.The poem Ø Nina chose was We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks. Both sentences are correct, though the second version may be considered just a little less formal than the first one. In the second sentence, the gap left by the omitted pronoun (identified by the symbol Ø)  is called a  zero relative pronoun. Whose and Whom Two other relative pronouns used to introduce adjective clauses are whose (the possessive form of who) and whom (the object form of who). Whose begins an adjective clause that describes something that belongs to or is a part of someone or something mentioned in the main clause: The ostrich, whose wings are useless for flight, can run faster than the swiftest horse. Whom stands for the noun that receives the action of the verb in the adjective clause: Anne Sullivan was the teacher whom Helen Keller met in 1887. Notice that in this sentence Helen Keller is the subject of the adjective clause, and whom is the direct object. Put another way, who is equivalent to the subject pronouns he, she, or they in a main clause; whom is equivalent to the object pronouns him, her, or them in a main clause.

Chronic Kidney Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chronic Kidney Disease - Research Paper Example Chronic Kidney Disease becomes evident after kidney function is extensively impaired. Identification of disease process helps people to understand its cause, modes of treatment and outcomes from treatment or failure to treat. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the disease process, major treatment strategies and their impact to the disease process, and give a Nursing Evidence-Based Practice. It will also present a case study on the disease, and present a Nursing Care Plan for the disease. Chronic Kidney Disease is a problem that occurs when a kidney function is impaired by a disease, causing damage to it. Impairment on the kidney results from some of the organs attached or related to the kidney having been affected due to other infections. Examples of the diseases commonly associated with causing kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, urinary tract obstruction, and recurrent kidney infections, among others. According to Medical News Today (MNT), there are a number of factors that contribute to developing chronic kidney disease, which include; a family history of the disease, age; this disease mostly affects people over 60 years, urinary tract obstruction, kidney diseases at birth, high blood pressure, sickle cell disease and medication, among others (Nordqvist, 2013). Chronic Kidney disease affects the normal functioning of the body. According to National Kidney Foundation (NKF), the kidney is responsible for production of hormones called erythropoietin (EPO), which signals the body to make red blood cells (NKF, 2008). When one has kidney disease, the body may not be able to make EPO and this leads to reduced red blood cells which may lead to anemia. Since a combination or a group of cells of the same kind and which perform similar function makes a tissue, the effect of chronic kidney disease on cells affects formation of tissues. An arrangement of

Charles Messier's Butterfly Cluster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Charles Messier's Butterfly Cluster - Essay Example He actually searched for comets and to avoid confusion between comets and Messier objects, he and his colleagues compiled them in a list in 1771. It was a remarkable achievement. The list is known as the Messier Catalog or Messier Object List. The list contains a total of 110 objects. The list contains nebulae, galaxies and star clusters. Body During the process of these observations, the first object they observed was the Crab Nebula (M1). A total of 103 objects were listed by Messier and his colleagues (Burnham 73). The Crab Nebula is a ball of gas left over from a supernova explosion. M2 is a globular cluster of stars in Aquarius, M3 is located in Canes Venatici, and Messier 4 to Messier 7 are located in the constellation of Scorpius. The Butterfly Cluster is Messier 6. This object can be seen by telescope clearly, and in the grayish color by naked eye. The Butterfly Cluster existence was first noticed by Giovanni Battista Hoderna in 1654. Ptolemy discovered it while he was observ ing M7, and declared it as a part of M7. After that, Phillips Loys de Cheseaux (1945-1946) observed it and recognized it as â€Å"a very fine star cluster.† And finally it was catalogued by Charles Messier in 1764 in the list of Messier objects (The Griffith Observer 259). The Butterfly Cluster is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Scorpius known as Messier 6 or the Butterfly Cluster as it resembles a flying butterfly with open wings and antennae. The stars of the cluster twinkle, and it looks very beautiful in the sky. It is visually a very rewarding object; the butterfly pattern is very visible and obvious. It has been placed in the 6th position in the list of Messier objects. Scorpio is located in the Milky Way and contains many massive objects other than M6 and Messier 7. The Butterfly Cluster has a magnitude of 4.2, an angular diameter of 25 arc minutes, and lies at a distance of 1,600 light years with a luminosity of 8,300 suns. The Butterfly Cluster is ab out 50 million years old and can be seen in summer nights clearly with binoculars. The objects (M6 and M7) are the summer’s finest and brightest clusters. Different astronomers have different opinions about M6’s age. According to Burnham, it is 100 million years old; WEBDA estimates its age to be around 95 million years, and 51 million years according to the Sky Catalogue 2000.0. Messier objects of the â€Å"Messier Summer Chart† are clearly visible on summer nights. Messier objects help astronomers to adjust the distance scale of the universe. The above image shows the view of M6 (outcropped). The image was taken through the Astrograph, Takahashi E-180. How Can It Be Seen? It can be seen about 3/ 1-2 degrees northwest of M7 which is located near the tail of Scorpius. It appears as a hazy patch in the dark sky but it should not be confused with Messier 7. Messier 7 is brighter than Messier 6. M7 is seen in between and the Butterfly Cluster is on its lower side. Messier 6 contains many other Messier objects such as M21, M23, NGC 6167, and NGC 6193. Its magnitude is fainter than M7, and fills the field of 25 angular diameter. One of the ways to find the Butterfly Cluster is to identify the two well-known asterisms of Scorpios and Sagittarius. It has two irregular loops of blue and white stars on both wings and at 40-50x, it has three bright stars in the butterfly’s body. The Butterfly Cluster contains almost 80 stars (Plotner 400) with B type blue (hottest) and K type orange stars (BM Scorpii, HD 160371). The brightest K type orange star is a semi-regular